Imaging Data Commons

Overview

Use the idc-index Python package to query and download public cancer imaging data from the National Cancer Institute Imaging Data Commons (IDC). No authentication required for data access.

Current IDC Data Version: v24 (always verify with IDCClient().get_idc_version())

Primary tool: idc-index (GitHub)

CRITICAL - Check package version and upgrade if needed (run this FIRST):

from importlib.metadata import version as _v
from packaging.version import Version

REQUIRED_VERSION = "0.12.3"  # Must match metadata.idc-index in this file
installed = _v("idc-index")

# Compare as versions, not strings ("0.9.0" < "0.11.0" is False as a string).
if Version(installed) < Version(REQUIRED_VERSION):
    print(f"idc-index {installed} is older than {REQUIRED_VERSION}; upgrade with:")
    print("    pip install --upgrade idc-index   # or: uv pip install --upgrade idc-index")
    print("Then restart Python to load the new version.")
else:
    print(f"idc-index {installed} meets requirement ({REQUIRED_VERSION})")

Verify IDC data version and check current data scale:

from idc_index import IDCClient
client = IDCClient()

# Verify IDC data version (should be "v24")
print(f"IDC data version: {client.get_idc_version()}")

# Get collection count and total series
stats = client.sql_query("""
    SELECT
        COUNT(DISTINCT collection_id) as collections,
        COUNT(DISTINCT analysis_result_id) as analysis_results,
        COUNT(DISTINCT PatientID) as patients,
        COUNT(DISTINCT StudyInstanceUID) as studies,
        COUNT(DISTINCT SeriesInstanceUID) as series,
        SUM(instanceCount) as instances,
        SUM(series_size_MB)/1000000 as size_TB
    FROM index
""")
print(stats)

Core workflow:

1. Query metadata → client.sql_query()
2. Download DICOM files → client.download_from_selection()
3. Visualize in browser → client.get_viewer_URL(seriesInstanceUID=...)

Scripts

scripts/query_imaging_data_commons.py — CLI wrapper over the idc-index package (JSON to stdout; pip install --upgrade idc-index):

python scripts/query_imaging_data_commons.py version                 # IDC data version
python scripts/query_imaging_data_commons.py collections --limit 50   # collections + counts
python scripts/query_imaging_data_commons.py sql "SELECT * FROM index LIMIT 5"   # raw SQL

When to Use This Skill

• Finding publicly available radiology (CT, MR, PET) or pathology (slide microscopy) images
• Selecting image subsets by cancer type, modality, anatomical site, or other metadata
• Downloading DICOM data from IDC
• Checking data licenses before use in research or commercial applications
• Visualizing medical images in a browser without local DICOM viewer software

Quick Navigation

Core Sections (inline):

• IDC Data Model - Collection and analysis result hierarchy
• Index Tables - Available tables and joining patterns
• Installation - Package setup and version verification
• Core Capabilities - Essential API patterns (query, download, visualize, license, citations, batch)
• Best Practices - Usage guidelines
• Troubleshooting - Common issues and solutions

Reference Guides (load on demand):

Guide	When to Load
core_api_examples.md	Runnable code for Core Capabilities §1-§9 (discovery, SQL, download, visualize, license, batch, BigQuery, pipelines)
index_tables_guide.md	Complex JOINs, schema discovery, DataFrame access
use_cases.md	End-to-end workflow examples (training datasets, batch downloads)
sql_patterns.md	Quick SQL patterns for filter discovery, annotations, size estimation
clinical_data_guide.md	Clinical/tabular data, imaging+clinical joins, value mapping
cloud_storage_guide.md	Direct S3/GCS access, versioning, UUID mapping
dicomweb_guide.md	DICOMweb endpoints, PACS integration
digital_pathology_guide.md	Slide microscopy (SM), annotations (ANN), pathology workflows
bigquery_guide.md	Full DICOM metadata, private elements (requires GCP)
cli_guide.md	Command-line tools (idc download, manifest files)

IDC Data Model

IDC adds two grouping levels above the standard DICOM hierarchy (Patient → Study → Series → Instance):

• collection_id: Groups patients by disease, modality, or research focus (e.g., tcga_luad, nlst). A patient belongs to exactly one collection.
• analysis_result_id: Identifies derived objects (segmentations, annotations, radiomics features) across one or more original collections.

Use collection_id to find original imaging data, may include annotations deposited along with the images; use analysis_result_id to find AI-generated or expert annotations.

Key identifiers for queries:

Identifier	Scope	Use for
collection_id	Dataset grouping	Filtering by project/study
PatientID	Patient	Grouping images by patient
StudyInstanceUID	DICOM study	Grouping of related series, visualization
SeriesInstanceUID	DICOM series	Grouping of related series, visualization

Index Tables

The idc-index package provides multiple metadata index tables, accessible via SQL or as pandas DataFrames.

Complete index table documentation: Use https://idc-index.readthedocs.io/en/latest/indices_reference.html for quick check of available tables and columns without executing any code.

Important: Use client.indices_overview to get current table descriptions and column schemas. This is the authoritative source for available columns and their types — always query it when writing SQL or exploring data structure.

Available Tables

Table	Row Granularity	Loaded	Description
index	1 row = 1 DICOM series	Auto	Primary metadata for all current IDC data
prior_versions_index	1 row = 1 DICOM series	Auto	Series from previous IDC releases; for downloading deprecated data
collections_index	1 row = 1 collection	fetch_index()	Collection-level metadata and descriptions
analysis_results_index	1 row = 1 analysis result collection	fetch_index()	Metadata about derived datasets (annotations, segmentations)
clinical_index	1 row = 1 clinical data column	fetch_index()	Dictionary mapping clinical table columns to collections
sm_index	1 row = 1 slide microscopy series	fetch_index()	Slide Microscopy (pathology) series metadata
sm_instance_index	1 row = 1 slide microscopy instance	fetch_index()	Instance-level (SOPInstanceUID) metadata for slide microscopy
seg_index	1 row = 1 DICOM Segmentation series	fetch_index()	Segmentation metadata: algorithm, segment count, reference to source image series
ann_index	1 row = 1 DICOM ANN series	fetch_index()	Microscopy Bulk Simple Annotations series metadata; references annotated image series
ann_group_index	1 row = 1 annotation group	fetch_index()	Detailed annotation group metadata: graphic type, annotation count, property codes, algorithm
contrast_index	1 row = 1 series with contrast info	fetch_index()	Contrast agent metadata: agent name, ingredient, administration route (CT, MR, PT, XA, RF)

Auto = loaded automatically when IDCClient() is instantiated fetch_index() = requires client.fetch_index("table_name") to load

Joining Tables

Key columns are not explicitly labeled, the following is a subset that can be used in joins.

Join Column	Tables	Use Case
collection_id	index, prior_versions_index, collections_index, clinical_index	Link series to collection metadata or clinical data
SeriesInstanceUID	index, prior_versions_index, sm_index, sm_instance_index	Link series across tables; connect to slide microscopy details
StudyInstanceUID	index, prior_versions_index	Link studies across current and historical data
PatientID	index, prior_versions_index	Link patients across current and historical data
analysis_result_id	index, analysis_results_index	Link series to analysis result metadata (annotations, segmentations)
source_DOI	index, analysis_results_index	Link by publication DOI
crdc_series_uuid	index, prior_versions_index	Link by CRDC unique identifier
Modality	index, prior_versions_index	Filter by imaging modality
SeriesInstanceUID	index, seg_index, ann_index, ann_group_index, contrast_index	Link segmentation/annotation/contrast series to its index metadata
segmented_SeriesInstanceUID	seg_index → index	Link segmentation to its source image series (join seg_index.segmented_SeriesInstanceUID = index.SeriesInstanceUID)
referenced_SeriesInstanceUID	ann_index → index	Link annotation to its source image series (join ann_index.referenced_SeriesInstanceUID = index.SeriesInstanceUID)

Note: Subjects, Updated, and Description appear in multiple tables but have different meanings (counts vs identifiers, different update contexts).

For detailed join examples, schema discovery patterns, key columns reference, and DataFrame access, see references/index_tables_guide.md.

Clinical Data Access

# Fetch clinical index (also downloads clinical data tables)
client.fetch_index("clinical_index")

# Query clinical index to find available tables and their columns
tables = client.sql_query("SELECT DISTINCT table_name, column_label FROM clinical_index")

# Load a specific clinical table as DataFrame
clinical_df = client.get_clinical_table("table_name")

See references/clinical_data_guide.md for detailed workflows including value mapping patterns and joining clinical data with imaging.

Data Access Options

Method	Auth Required	Best For
idc-index	No	Key queries and downloads (recommended)
IDC Portal	No	Interactive exploration, manual selection, browser-based download
BigQuery	Yes (GCP account)	Complex queries, full DICOM metadata
DICOMweb proxy	No	Tool integration via DICOMweb API
Cloud storage (S3/GCS)	No	Direct file access, bulk downloads, custom pipelines

Cloud storage organization

IDC maintains all DICOM files in public cloud storage buckets mirrored between AWS S3 and Google Cloud Storage. Files are organized by CRDC UUIDs (not DICOM UIDs) to support versioning.

Bucket (AWS / GCS)	License	Content
idc-open-data / idc-open-data	No commercial restriction	>90% of IDC data
idc-open-data-two / idc-open-idc1	No commercial restriction	Collections with potential head scans
idc-open-data-cr / idc-open-cr	Commercial use restricted (CC BY-NC)	~4% of data

Files are stored as <crdc_series_uuid>/<crdc_instance_uuid>.dcm. Access is free (no egress fees) via AWS CLI, gsutil, or s5cmd with anonymous access. Use series_aws_url column from the index for S3 URLs; GCS uses the same path structure.

See references/cloud_storage_guide.md for bucket details, access commands, UUID mapping, and versioning.

DICOMweb access

IDC data is available via DICOMweb interface (Google Cloud Healthcare API implementation) for integration with PACS systems and DICOMweb-compatible tools.

Endpoint	Auth	Use Case
Public proxy	No	Testing, moderate queries, daily quota
Google Healthcare	Yes (GCP)	Production use, higher quotas

See references/dicomweb_guide.md for endpoint URLs, code examples, supported operations, and implementation details.

Installation and Setup

Required (for basic access):

pip install --upgrade idc-index

Important: New IDC data release will always trigger a new version of idc-index. Always use --upgrade flag while installing, unless an older version is needed for reproducibility.

IMPORTANT: IDC data version v24 is current. Always verify your version:

print(client.get_idc_version())  # Should return "v24"

If you see an older version, upgrade with: pip install --upgrade idc-index

Tested with: idc-index 0.12.3 (IDC data version v24)

Optional (for data analysis):

pip install pandas numpy pydicom

Core Capabilities

Runnable Python/SQL/CLI recipes for every capability below live in references/core_api_examples.md (numbered §1-§9 matching the headings here). Load that file when you need copy-paste code; the summaries here give the routing and the key decisions. All examples assume from idc_index import IDCClient; client = IDCClient().

1. Data Discovery and Exploration

Find available collections and derived datasets:

• Aggregate the primary index (patients/series/size per collection_id).
• collections_index (after fetch_index) gives curated per-collection metadata (CancerTypes, TumorLocations, Species, Subjects) without aggregating.
• analysis_results_index lists derived datasets (AI segmentations, expert annotations, radiomics) with source collections and modalities.

Recipes in core_api_examples.md §1.

2. Querying Metadata with SQL

Two-step pattern: explore filter values first (SELECT DISTINCT Modality …, BodyPartExamined …), then query with validated values. Access results as a pandas DataFrame. To filter by cancer type, JOIN index with collections_index (cancer type lives in collections_index.CancerTypes, not the primary index). Use client.indices_overview for the full column list. Recipes in core_api_examples.md §2.

3. Downloading DICOM Files

client.download_from_selection(...) by collection_id or seriesInstanceUID, with downloadDir and an optional dirTemplate (default %collection_id/%PatientID/%StudyInstanceUID/%Modality_%SeriesInstanceUID; "" for a flat layout). Files are named by CRDC instance UUID (<uuid>.dcm), not DICOM UID. The idc download CLI mirrors this and auto-detects identifiers vs manifest files. Recipes, CLI options, and manifest format in core_api_examples.md §3; deeper CLI detail in references/cli_guide.md.

4. Visualizing IDC Images

client.get_viewer_URL(seriesInstanceUID=...) (or studyInstanceUID=... for multi-series exams) returns a browser URL — no download needed. The method picks OHIF v3 for radiology or SLIM for slide microscopy automatically. Recipe in core_api_examples.md §4.

5. Understanding and Checking Licenses

Query license_short_name before any use. CC BY 4.0/3.0 (~97%) allows commercial use with attribution; CC BY-NC 4.0/3.0 (~3%) is non-commercial only; rare custom licenses exist. For attribution, citations_from_selection() generates formatted citations from source_DOI (APA default; also BibTeX, JSON, Turtle via IDCClient.CITATION_FORMAT_*). Recipes in core_api_examples.md §5.

6. Batch Processing and Filtering

Query with filters → save a manifest CSV → download in batches (e.g. 10 series at a time) to avoid timeouts. Recipe in core_api_examples.md §6.

7. Advanced Queries with BigQuery

Use BigQuery only when you need full DICOM metadata, complex JOINs, or private DICOM elements (OtherElements). First check whether a specialized index (seg_index, ann_index/ann_group_index, sm_index, collections_index) already has the field — local sql_query is free and needs no GCP account. Dataset bigquery-public-data.idc_current.*, main table dicom_all. See references/bigquery_guide.md; quick reference in core_api_examples.md §7.

8. Tool Selection Guide

Task	Tool	Reference
Programmatic queries & downloads	idc-index	This document
Interactive exploration	IDC Portal	https://portal.imaging.datacommons.cancer.gov/
Complex metadata queries	BigQuery	references/bigquery_guide.md
3D visualization & analysis	SlicerIDCBrowser	https://github.com/ImagingDataCommons/SlicerIDCBrowser

Default choice: Use idc-index for most tasks (no auth, easy API, batch downloads).

9. Integration with Analysis Pipelines

After download, read DICOM with pydicom, build 3D volumes by sorting on ImagePositionPatient[2] and stacking pixel_array, or read a series with SimpleITK.ImageSeriesReader for processing and NIfTI export. Recipes in core_api_examples.md §9.

Common Use Cases

See references/use_cases.md for complete end-to-end workflow examples including:

• Building deep learning training datasets from lung CT scans
• Comparing image quality across scanner manufacturers
• Previewing data in browser before downloading
• License-aware batch downloads for commercial use

Best Practices

• Verify IDC version before generating responses - Always call client.get_idc_version() at the start of a session to confirm you're using the expected data version (currently v24). If using an older version, recommend pip install --upgrade idc-index
• Check licenses before use - Always query the license_short_name field and respect licensing terms (CC BY vs CC BY-NC)
• Generate citations for attribution - Use citations_from_selection() to get properly formatted citations from source_DOI values; include these in publications
• Start with small queries - Use LIMIT clause when exploring to avoid long downloads and understand data structure
• Use mini-index for simple queries - Only use BigQuery when you need comprehensive metadata or complex JOINs
• Organize downloads with dirTemplate - Use meaningful directory structures like %collection_id/%PatientID/%Modality
• Cache query results - Save DataFrames to CSV files to avoid re-querying and ensure reproducibility
• Estimate size first - Check collection size before downloading - some collection sizes are in terabytes!
• Save manifests - Always save query results with Series UIDs for reproducibility and data provenance
• Read documentation - IDC data structure and metadata fields are documented at https://learn.canceridc.dev/
• Use IDC forum - Search for questons/answers and ask your questions to the IDC maintainers and users at https://discourse.canceridc.dev/

Troubleshooting

Issue: ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'idc_index'

• Cause: idc-index package not installed
• Solution: Install with pip install --upgrade idc-index

Issue: Download fails with connection timeout

• Cause: Network instability or large download size
• Solution:
  • Download smaller batches (e.g., 10-20 series at a time)
  • Check network connection
  • Use dirTemplate to organize downloads by batch
  • Implement retry logic with delays

Issue: BigQuery quota exceeded or billing errors

• Cause: BigQuery requires billing-enabled GCP project
• Solution: Use idc-index mini-index for simple queries (no billing required), or see references/bigquery_guide.md for cost optimization tips

Issue: Series UID not found or no data returned

• Cause: Typo in UID, data not in current IDC version, or wrong field name
• Solution:
  • Check if data is in current IDC version (some old data may be deprecated)
  • Use LIMIT 5 to test query first
  • Check field names against metadata schema documentation

Issue: Downloaded DICOM files won't open

• Cause: Corrupted download or incompatible viewer
• Solution:
  • Check DICOM object type (Modality and SOPClassUID attributes) - some object types require specialized tools
  • Verify file integrity (check file sizes)
  • Use pydicom to validate: pydicom.dcmread(file, force=True)
  • Try different DICOM viewer (3D Slicer, Horos, RadiAnt, QuPath)
  • Re-download the series

Common SQL Query Patterns

See references/sql_patterns.md for quick-reference SQL patterns including:

• Filter value discovery (modalities, body parts, manufacturers)
• Annotation and segmentation queries (including seg_index, ann_index joins)
• Slide microscopy queries (sm_index patterns)
• Download size estimation
• Clinical data linking

For segmentation and annotation details, also see references/digital_pathology_guide.md.

Related Skills

The following skills complement IDC workflows for downstream analysis and visualization:

DICOM Processing

• pydicom - Read, write, and manipulate downloaded DICOM files. Use for extracting pixel data, reading metadata, anonymization, and format conversion. Essential for working with IDC radiology data (CT, MR, PET).

Pathology and Slide Microscopy

See references/digital_pathology_guide.md for DICOM-compatible tools (highdicom, wsidicom, TIA-Toolbox, Slim viewer).

Metadata Visualization

• matplotlib - Low-level plotting for full customization. Use for creating static figures summarizing IDC query results (bar charts of modalities, histograms of series counts, etc.).
• seaborn - Statistical visualization with pandas integration. Use for quick exploration of IDC metadata distributions, relationships between variables, and categorical comparisons with attractive defaults.
• plotly - Interactive visualization. Use when you need hover info, zoom, and pan for exploring IDC metadata, or for creating web-embeddable dashboards of collection statistics.

Data Exploration

• exploratory-data-analysis - Comprehensive EDA on scientific data files. Use after downloading IDC data to understand file structure, quality, and characteristics before analysis.

Resources

Schema Reference (Primary Source)

Always use client.indices_overview for current column schemas. This ensures accuracy with the installed idc-index version:

# Get all column names and types for any table
schema = client.indices_overview["index"]["schema"]
columns = [(c['name'], c['type'], c.get('description', '')) for c in schema['columns']]

Reference Documentation

See the Quick Navigation section at the top for the full list of reference guides with decision triggers.

• indices_reference - External documentation for index tables (may be ahead of the installed version)

External Links

• IDC Portal: https://portal.imaging.datacommons.cancer.gov/explore/
• Documentation: https://learn.canceridc.dev/
• Tutorials: https://github.com/ImagingDataCommons/IDC-Tutorials
• User Forum: https://discourse.canceridc.dev/
• idc-index GitHub: https://github.com/ImagingDataCommons/idc-index
• Citation: Fedorov, A., et al. "National Cancer Institute Imaging Data Commons: Toward Transparency, Reproducibility, and Scalability in Imaging Artificial Intelligence." RadioGraphics 43.12 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.230180

Skill Updates

This skill version is available in skill metadata. To check for updates:

• Visit the releases page
• Watch the repository on GitHub (Watch → Custom → Releases)