Dataset Cleaning

Overview

Dataset cleaning transforms raw, messy data into a consistent, analysis-ready form. Every operation must be documented: what was changed, why, and how many rows/columns were affected. This is not a one-shot script — it's a reproducible pipeline.

When to Use

Use this skill when:

• Raw data has missing values, duplicates, inconsistent types, or outliers.
• Data comes from multiple sources with conflicting formats or encodings.
• You need a documented cleaning pipeline, not silent dropna().
• The dataset will be used for modeling, analysis, or sharing.

Do not use for:

• Exploratory analysis without transformation — use exploratory-data-analysis first.
• Splitting strategies — use dataset-splitting.
• Version tracking — use dataset-versioning.

Cleaning Workflow

1. Missing Value Strategy

Choose and document ONE strategy per column:

| Strategy | When to use | Risk | ||-------------|------| | Drop rows | < 5% missing, rows are independent | Loss of rare cases | | Drop column | > 40% missing and not critical | Loss of signal | | Mean/median imputation | Continuous, symmetric distribution | Underestimates variance | | Mode imputation | Categorical, dominant class clear | Over-represents majority | | Constant fill | Domain-knowledge default exists | May introduce bias | | Model-based imputation | High missingness, strong predictors | Leakage if not careful | | Indicator flag | Missingness itself is informative | Adds dimensionality |

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

# NEVER do this silently:
# df.dropna(inplace=True)

# Instead — audit first:
missing = df.isnull().sum()
missing_pct = df.isnull().mean() * 100
print(missing_pct[missing_pct > 0].sort_values(ascending=False))

# Documented imputation with audit trail:
audit = {}
mask = df['age'].isnull()
audit['age_imputed_count'] = mask.sum()
df.loc[mask, 'age'] = df['age'].median()
df['age_imputed'] = mask.astype(int)  # flag for downstream awareness

2. Deduplication

# Define identity columns explicitly before deduping
identity_cols = ['user_id', 'timestamp']
n_before = len(df)
df = df.drop_duplicates(subset=identity_cols, keep='first')
audit['duplicates_removed'] = n_before - len(df)

# Near-duplicate detection (fuzzy):
from difflib import SequenceMatcher
# Use for text fields where exact match is too strict

3. Type Normalization

# Date/time normalization
df['created_at'] = pd.to_datetime(df['created_at'], utc=True, errors='coerce')

# String normalization
df['category'] = df['category'].str.strip().str.lower().str.replace(r'\s+', '_', regex=True)

# Numeric coercion with audit
original = df['price'].copy()
df['price'] = pd.to_numeric(df['price'], errors='coerce')
audit['price_coerced_nulls'] = df['price'].isnull().sum() - original.isnull().sum()

4. Outlier Handling

# Domain-based capping, not arbitrary percentiles
# Example: age cannot be < 0 or > 120
df.loc[df['age'] < 0, 'age'] = np.nan
df.loc[df['age'] > 120, 'age'] = 120  # cap, don't drop

# For statistical outliers — use IQR with domain validation:
Q1 = df['value'].quantile(0.25)
Q3 = df['value'].quantile(0.75)
IQR = Q3 - Q1
lower = Q1 - 3.0 * IQR  # wider fence for less aggressive removal
upper = Q3 + 3.0 * IQR
outliers = (df['value'] < lower) | (df['value'] > upper)
audit['outliers_flagged'] = outliers.sum()
df['outlier_flag'] = outliers.astype(int)

5. Categorical Encoding

# One-hot for < 20 categories, label encoding otherwise
n_unique = df['category'].nunique()
if n_unique <= 20:
    df = pd.get_dummies(df, columns=['category'], drop_first=True)
else:
    df['category_code'] = df['category'].astype('category').cat.codes

Audit Trail

Always produce a structured audit log:

audit = {
    'rows_before': n_before,
    'rows_after': n_after,
    'columns_before': cols_before,
    'columns_after': cols_after,
    'missing_handled': {col: strategy for col, strategy in missing_strategies.items()},
    'duplicates_removed': dupes,
    'outliers_flagged': outliers,
    'type_coercions': type_changes,
}

Save audit alongside the cleaned dataset as cleaning_audit.json.

Quality Check

After cleaning, verify:

• No column has > 5% missingness (unless documented as acceptable).
• All dtypes match the specification.
• No duplicate identity rows exist.
• Categorical columns have consistent, normalized values.
• The audit log is complete and saved with the dataset.

Advanced Techniques (2025-2026)

For datasets beyond simple tabular cleaning, combine with:

• Semantic deduplication — embedding-analysis skill for meaning-based near-duplicate removal at scale (NeMo Curator SemDedup, LSHBloom).
• Perplexity-based filtering — embedding-analysis skill for GRAPE-style quality scoring with a reference language model.
• LLM-assisted quality scoring — llm-assisted-curation skill for clarity/correctness/usefulness scoring per example.
• Streaming at scale — hf-datasets skill for Arrow-backed streaming when data exceeds RAM.
• Distribution validation — embedding-analysis skill for JS divergence and Wasserstein distance between splits.

These are referenced in the parent guideline dataset-creation-curation-task and should be applied after standard cleaning when dataset size or quality demands warrant.