Node.js Backend

Framework Selection

Context	Choose	Why
Edge/Serverless	Hono	Zero-dep, fastest cold starts
Performance API	Fastify	2-3x faster than Express, built-in schema validation
Enterprise/team	NestJS	DI, decorators, structured conventions
Legacy/ecosystem	Express	Most middleware, widest adoption

Ask user: deployment target, cold start needs, team experience, existing codebase.

Architecture

src/
├── routes/          # HTTP: parse request, call service, format response
├── middleware/       # Auth, validation, rate limiting, logging
├── services/        # Business logic (no HTTP types)
├── repositories/    # Data access only (queries, ORM)
├── config/          # Env, DB pool, constants
└── types/           # Shared TypeScript interfaces

• Routes never contain business logic
• Services never import Request/Response
• Repositories never throw HTTP errors
• For scripts/prototypes: single file is fine — ask "will this grow?"

TypeScript Rules

• Use import type { } for type-only imports — eliminates runtime overhead
• Prefer interface for object shapes (2-5x faster type resolution than intersections)
• Prefer unknown over any — forces explicit narrowing
• Use z.infer<typeof Schema> as single source of truth — never duplicate types and schemas
• Minimize as assertions — use type guards instead
• Add explicit return types to exported functions (faster declaration emit)
• Untyped package? declare module 'pkg' { const v: unknown; export default v; } in types/ambient.d.ts

Validation

Zod (TypeScript inference) or TypeBox (Fastify native). Validate at boundaries only: request entry, before DB ops, env vars at startup. Use .extend(), .pick(), .omit(), .partial(), .merge() for DRY schemas.

Error Handling

Custom error hierarchy: AppError(message, statusCode, isOperational) → ValidationError(400), NotFoundError(404), UnauthorizedError(401), ForbiddenError(403), ConflictError(409)

Centralized handler middleware:

• AppError → return { error: message } with statusCode
• Unknown → log full stack, return 500 + generic message in production
• Async wrapper: const asyncHandler = (fn) => (req, res, next) => Promise.resolve(fn(req, res, next)).catch(next);

Codes: 400 bad input | 401 no auth | 403 no permission | 404 missing | 409 conflict | 422 business rule | 429 rate limited | 500 server fault

API Design

• Resources: plural nouns (/users), max 2 nesting levels (/users/:id/orders)
• Methods: GET read | POST create | PUT replace | PATCH partial | DELETE remove
• Versioning: URL path /api/v1/
• Response: { data, pagination?: { page, limit, total, totalPages } }
• Errors: { error: { code, message, details? } }
• Queries: ?page=1&limit=20&status=active&sort=createdAt,desc
• Return Location header on 201. Use 204 for successful DELETE with no body.

Async Patterns

Pattern	Use When
async/await	Sequential operations
Promise.all	Parallel independent ops
Promise.allSettled	Parallel, some may fail
Promise.race	Timeout or first-wins

Never readFileSync / sync methods in production. Offload CPU work to worker threads. Stream large payloads.

Discipline

• For non-trivial changes, pause and ask: "is there a more elegant way?" Skip for obvious fixes.
• Simplicity first — every change as simple as possible, impact minimal code
• Only touch what's necessary — avoid introducing unrelated changes
• No hacky workarounds — if a fix feels wrong, step back and implement the clean solution

References

• TypeScript config — tsconfig, ESM, branded types, compiler performance
• Security — JWT, password hashing, rate limiting, OWASP
• Database & production — connection pooling, transactions, Docker, logging